{"id":518550,"date":"2024-02-29T15:38:14","date_gmt":"2024-02-29T08:38:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/?post_type=buddhism_meditatio&#038;p=518550"},"modified":"2025-05-15T22:12:05","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T15:12:05","slug":"merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Merit-Making in Buddhism: Its Benefits to Individuals and Society From Buddhist Beliefs to Scientific Evidences"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#1_Introduction\" >1. Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#2_Understanding_Merit_in_Buddhism\" >2. Understanding Merit in Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#3_Merit-Making_and_Its_Practices\" >3. Merit-Making and Its Practices<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#_4_Merit_and_Wholesomeness_Two_Consecutive_Steps_Leading_up_to_a_Greater_Height\" >&nbsp;4. Merit and Wholesomeness: Two Consecutive Steps Leading up to a Greater Height.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#_5_Understanding_the_Distinctive_Relationship_Between_Merit_Demerit_Wholesomeness_and_Unwholesomeness\" >&nbsp;5. Understanding the Distinctive Relationship Between Merit, Demerit, Wholesomeness and Unwholesomeness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#_6_Benefits_of_Merit-Making_and_Their_Scientific_Evidences\" >&nbsp;6. Benefits of Merit-Making and Their Scientific Evidences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#7_Examples_of_Merit-Making_in_the_Thai_Way_of_Life\" >7. Examples of Merit-Making in the Thai Way of Life<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/#Conclusion_Cultivating_Your_Future_with_Merit-Making\" >Conclusion: Cultivating Your Future with Merit-Making<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/1-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Merit-making, or meritorious deeds, constitutes a fundamental concept in Buddhism, encompassing various activities such as generosity, precept observance, and mental development. It transcends mere material gain, focusing instead on the cultivation of inner qualities. When undertaken with a pure and sincere heart, meritorious deeds not only benefit others but also contribute to our own happiness and personal growth. By performing good deeds, we inspire others through a positive example and foster a more harmonious and prosperous society. Our meritorious deeds may encourage others to follow suit, creating a ripple effect of positive change. Merit-making is a potent force for good in the world. Therefore, it is essential to grasp the concept of merit-making accurately, ensuring that our actions are meaningful, effective, and productive. Modern research recognizes merit-making and corroborates its benefits: for instance, studies show that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2012-17354-001\">acts of giving promote happiness in young children<\/a>, adherence to t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/blog\/the-athletes-way\/202212\/buddhist-precepts-reduce-stress-and-buffer-depression-study\">he Buddhist \u2018Five Precepts\u2019 helps reduce stress and alleviate depression<\/a>, and mental development, as evidenced in articles such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/12-benefits-of-meditation\">\u201912 Science-Based Benefits of Meditation<\/a>,\u2019 offers numerous advantages.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"484\" height=\"313\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image.png 484w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-150x97.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.winnews.tv\/news\/10814\">Thai Buddhists ma king food offerings to monks<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Understanding_Merit_in_Buddhism\"><\/span><strong>2. Understanding Merit in Buddhism<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The term \u201cmerit\u201d in Buddhism finds its roots in the word \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopediaofbuddhism.org\/wiki\/Pu%E1%B9%87ya\"><em>punya<\/em><\/a>\u201d in Sanskrit and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/punna\"><em>punna<\/em><\/a>\u201d in Pali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Buddha\u2019s era, the term \u201c<em>punya<\/em>,\u201d as an adjective, encompassed notions of auspiciousness, propitiousness, luck, and favorability, along with connotations of goodness, virtue, righteousness, and merit, as outlined in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/afr4858.0001.001.umich.edu\/page\/164\/mode\/2up\">Arthur A. Macdonell\u2019s Sanskrit English Dictionary (p. 164)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, according to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/44185258\/Pali_English_Dictionary_Free\">Pali-English Dictionary by T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede, (pp. 1057-1058<\/a>), \u201c<em>punna<\/em>\u201d denotes merit, meritorious action, and virtue. It is consistently portrayed as the foundation and condition for heavenly rebirth and a subsequent blissful state. The enjoyment and duration of this state hinge upon the amount of merit accumulated in a prior existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the latest edition of P.A. Payutto\u2019s Dictionary of Buddhism (45th edition in 2022, p. 334), \u201cpunya\u201d has many meanings. As an adjective, it signifies \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cmeritorious.\u201d As a noun, it encompasses a range of interpretations such as \u201cmerit,\u201d \u201cgood actions,\u201d \u201cvirtue,\u201d \u201crighteousness,\u201d \u201cmoral acts,\u201d and \u201cgood works.\u201d His booket on \u2018Growing in Merit\u2019 is strongly recommended for further reading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In essence, merit in Buddhism is commonly understood as positive&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karma_in_Buddhism\"><em>kamma<\/em><\/a><em><u>&nbsp;(karma)<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;actions and the outcomes of virtuous deeds. Engaging in acts of kindness and virtue is believed to yield positive consequences. When performed with sincerity and purity of heart, these benevolent actions generate positive&nbsp;<em>kamma<\/em>, fostering happiness and prosperity not only in the present life but also in future existences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doing good things is like planting seeds for happiness. Every meritorious deed, big or small, sows a little \u201c<em>kamma<\/em>&nbsp;seed\u201d that sprouts into positive outcomes. Punya could also be thought of as sunshine for the soul: Just like how sunshine helps plants grow, punya brings happiness and well-being not just now, but also in future lives. It\u2019s like an investment in your own good&nbsp;<em>kamma<\/em>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Merit-Making_and_Its_Practices\"><\/span><strong>3. Merit-Making and Its Practices<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Merit-making, also known as meritorious deeds, encompasses the intentional engagement in virtuous deeds, guided by three fundamental principles: generosity, observance of moral precepts, and mental development through meditation. The aim is to accumulate merit, thereby influencing one\u2019s&nbsp;<em>kamma<\/em>&nbsp;and cultivating favorable conditions for happiness in both present and future lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Importantly, meritorious deeds transcend religious boundaries, resonating across diverse faiths such as Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and even among individuals without religious affiliations. Regardless of religious background, those who perform acts of kindness, practice humility, demonstrate reverence, or engage in meditation are considered to be participating in merit-making. The positive outcomes of these virtuous actions, such as reduced selfishness, strengthened relationships, and inner peace, are accessible to all who engage in them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1 Two Versions of Merit-Making<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>In Buddhism, meritorious deeds are delineated in two main frameworks. The first comprises the three bases of merit-making, as elucidated by the Buddha himself at Jetavana (\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e0a\u0e15\u0e30\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19) Monastery in \u015ar\u0101vast\u012b, the capital of the Kosala Kingdom during the 6th century BCE. The second framework, known as the ten bases of meritorious action, expands upon the initial three bases. This elaboration was provided by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhaghosa\">Buddhaghosa<\/a>,&nbsp;a prominent 5th-century Indian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theravada\">Theravada Buddhist<\/a>&nbsp;commentator, translator, and philosopher.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.trawell.in\/uttar-pradesh\/shravasti\/jetavana-monastery\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-1-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.trawell.in\/uttar-pradesh\/shravasti\/jetavana-monastery\">The ruins of Jetavana Monastery<\/a>,&nbsp;where the Buddha expounded three types of merit-making, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.1 Three Grounds of Meritorious Deeds: Insights from the Buddha<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha has addressed the issue of meritorious deeds in the&nbsp;Pali canon \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themindingcentre.org\/dharmafarer\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/12\/22.17-Punnakiriyavatthu-S-a8.36-piya.pdf\">punnakiriya-vatthu or punyakiriya-vatthu discourse,<\/a>\u201d which translates to the base or the ground of meritorious action or merit-making or the path of doing good, or just&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dhammatalks.net\/suttacentral\/sc2016\/sc\/en\/ea21.2.html\">the three meritorious deeds<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this discourse, the Buddha described three deeds that qualify as merit-making:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Generosity or Giving (<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/lib\/authors\/various\/wheel367.html\"><strong><em>dana<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong>):<\/strong>&nbsp;This involves giving, sharing, and distributing material resources that are beneficial to the recipients, with the intention of reducing suffering and alleviating needs.<br><br>In the article \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/lib\/authors\/various\/wheel367.html\">Giving in the Pali Canon<\/a>\u201d, giving is highlighted as a great virtue and possibly the easiest meritorious deed that can be conducted. Since giving is a very uncomplicated act and laymen can relate effortlessly, it was the deed that the Buddha used to open his gradual sermon (<em>Anupubbikatha)<\/em>.<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/buddhism_meditatio\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences\/#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Precept or Moral Behavior Observance (<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhist_ethics\"><em>sila<\/em><\/a><strong>):<\/strong>&nbsp;This pertains to the cultivation of bodily, verbal, and mental virtues, creating an orderly and harmonious state of being. It involves practicing ethical behavior, maintaining good relationships, fostering mutual support, and avoiding harmful actions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mental Development (<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhavana\"><strong><em>bhavana<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong>):<\/strong>&nbsp;This entails the training and development of the mind and wisdom, such as cultivating mental concentration (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samatha-vipassana\"><em>samadha<\/em><\/a>) and mental insight (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samatha-vipassana\"><em>vipassana<\/em><\/a>).<br><br>By engaging in these three meritorious deeds, individuals not only contribute to the well-being of others but also cultivate qualities within themselves that lead to personal development, happiness, and spiritual growth.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Buddha\u2019s Words on three meritorious deeds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddhas expounded on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/suttafriends.org\/sutta\/itv60\/\"><strong>three meritorious deeds<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;stating,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span >\u201c<em>Monks, there are three grounds for making&nbsp;merit.&nbsp;What three? Giving (dana) as a ground for making merit, virtue\/morality (sila)\u2026, and meditation (bhavana)<\/em>\u2026.\u201d He also explained that<em> one should train in practicing meritorious acts that will result in future happiness. One should practice giving and follow&nbsp;righteous living. One should develop a mind of loving kindness. By cultivating these three things that bring about happiness, the wise person is reborn in an untroubled, happy world.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2 Ten Grounds of Merit-Making: Extending the Three Grounds<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cthree meritorious deeds\u201d were later expanded by seven more deeds to encompass the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/aristeinhk.blogspot.com\/2015\/10\/ten-bases-of-meritorious-actions-ten.html\">Ten Meritorious&nbsp;<\/a>Deeds\u201d by the commentator Buddhaghosa&nbsp;who lived and worked in Sri Lanka in the 5th-century, whose best-known work is the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/the-path-of-purification\/\">Visuddhimagga (\u201cPath of Purification\u201d)<\/a>, a comprehensive summary of Theravada teachings and practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Traditionally, the list of ten meritorious deeds is presented with the Buddha\u2019s original three first, followed by Buddhaghosa\u2019s seven additional ones. However, in the following list, I have grouped them in order of act, i.e. the first three are all related to giving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ten meritorious deeds include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong><strong>3.1.2.1.<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Merit-Making Done through Generosity or Giving&nbsp;(<em>Danamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generosity involves giving to others without expecting anything in return. This includes sharing, sacrificing, and contributing, not only in terms of wealth, possessions, and necessities but also in terms of life force, knowledge, and skills. It encompasses imparting knowledge of arts and sciences, giving guidance and teaching, offering advice for life, and sharing wisdom, such as printing or disseminating Dhamma books. It also involves actively participating in benevolent activities for the benefit of others and the collective, promoting selflessness, and reducing selfishness, including letting go of material attachments. Ultimately, it extends to offering forgiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-7.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-7-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-7-150x109.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-7-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/starfishlabz\/photos\/%EF%B8%8F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%EF%B8%8F%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%86-%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87\/785602045186696\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Nurture a spirit of sharing in young ones<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Buddhaghosa expanded the concept of merit-making through generosity to encompass these ten types of meritorious deeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.2 Merit-Making through Sharing or Giving out Merit&nbsp;(<em>Pattidanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;This merit-making refers to the merit achieved through the act of giving merit, which one just performed, to other beings. This involves dedicating a portion of one\u2019s generosity and charitable deeds to benefit sentient beings. When one receives blessings, the aspiration is to share those blessings with others. This reflects a broad and compassionate heart, extending kindness and seeking the well-being of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.3 Merit-Making through Rejoicing in the Merits of Others&nbsp;(<em>Pattanumodanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This merit-making involves participating in rejoicing, expressing happiness, and sharing in the goodness of others. This is done by saying \u201cS\u0101dhu\u201d (meaning \u201cwell done\u201d or \u201ccongratulations\u201d), even if one may not have had the opportunity to contribute directly. It is an invitation to cultivate a heart of appreciation, genuinely rejoicing in the virtuous deeds performed by others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.4 Merit-Making through Observing the Precepts or Moral Behavior (<em>Silamaya<\/em>)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This action refers to the intentional commitment to uphold moral precepts and conduct oneself in a way that does not violate these precepts. This applies to the five precepts for laypersons, the eight precepts observed on Uposatha days or by lay practitioners on retreats, the ten precepts for novice monks, the 227 precepts for fully ordained monks, or the 311 precepts for nuns. Moral precepts involve maintaining good physical and verbal behavior, ensuring that one\u2019s actions and speech are in order. Keeping the body and speech in check becomes a norm, avoiding causing distress to others, and refraining from wrongful actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.5 Merit-Making through Humility or Reverence&nbsp;(<em>Apacayanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the merit gained through humble and respectful behavior towards elders and those deserving of reverence, categorized into at least three types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Individuals with age qualification: this includes fathers, mothers, siblings, and elderly relatives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Individuals with virtues or qualifications: this comprises venerable monks and teachers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Individuals with royal or noble qualifications: this involves kings or rulers, and those of noble lineage.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Displaying humility or reverence towards these three categories of individuals can be demonstrated through acts such as bowing, rising to welcome, using polite language, or showing respect in various ways. Such conduct leads to the flourishing of four blessings: a long life, radiant complexion, happiness, and robust health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.6 Merit-Making through Rendering Righteous Endeavors&nbsp;or Services (<em>Veyyavacaccamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;This merit-making is attained through diligent engagement in righteous activities, involving actions that are beautiful and beneficial to the general welfare. This includes guiding individuals to conduct themselves morally, engaging in acts of generosity, observing moral precepts, and participating in the training and development of the mind.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-2-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Blind middle school students cared for at a tourist spot by Social Workers in Thailand (photo by the author).<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.7 Merit-Making through Mental Development&nbsp;&nbsp;(<em>Bhavanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meditative merit involves training and developing the mind to be calm, focused, strong, firm, and deeply concentrated using methods such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/mindfulness-meditation-88369\">mindfulness of breath<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/positivepsychology.com\/loving-kindness-meditation\/\">loving-kindness meditation<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhamma.org\/en\/about\/vipassana\">vipassana meditation<\/a>. It aims to cultivate wisdom about the true nature of life and the world, leading to the purification of the mind through virtuous conduct. The practice promotes tranquility through mindfulness and brightness through wisdom, ultimately allowing the mind to experience greater happiness than suffering every day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The process of training and developing the mind consists of two components. The first is the theoretical aspect, referred to in Buddhist terminology as \u201c<em>Dhammasavana<\/em>\u201d or listening to and understanding the teachings, resolving and cultivating correct beliefs, opinions, and understanding. The second is the practical aspect, known in Pali as \u201c<em>Kammatthana<\/em>\u201d or mental exercises, involves calming the mind to the point where it becomes serene, clean, free from impure feelings, anger, and delusions, resulting in a clear and undistorted perception of reality. These are the positive outcomes of mental development.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dhamma-media.blogspot.com\/2019\/08\/blog-post_86.html\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/5.png 640w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/5-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dhamma-media.blogspot.com\/2019\/08\/blog-post_86.html\">7-Day meditation retreat at Wat Phra Dhammakaya<\/a>, Thailand.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span >Buddhaghosa expanded the concept of mental development to encompass these two types of meritorious deeds.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.8 Merit-Making through Listening to Dhamma&nbsp;&nbsp;(<em>Dhammassavanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;It is the merit gained by actively listening to the teachings of the Dhamma. It means intentionally listening to Dhamma that one has not heard before or re-listening to deepen understanding, alleviate doubts, and clarify perceptions. This practice cultivates wisdom, resulting in a more accurate and clear comprehension. The knowledge and wisdom acquired through this process are then applied for the benefit of oneself and others in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.9 Merit-Making through Teaching Dhamma&nbsp;(<em>Dhammadesanamaya<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the merit gained by embodying the principles of Dhamma in one\u2019s actions, behavior, speech, or thoughts. It means setting a positive example for others, guiding them through virtuous conduct, and influencing them by aligning one\u2019s behavior with the teachings of&nbsp;<em>Dhamma<\/em>. This can happen anywhere, whether at home, in the forest, in a vehicle, on a boat, on the streets, through radio broadcasts, television stations, or in formal teaching environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Disseminating the&nbsp;<em>dhamma<\/em>&nbsp;is considered more beneficial than various other forms of generosity, as the Buddha stated, \u201c<em>Giving the dhamma surpasses all other gifts<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>3.1.2.10 Merit-making through Correcting One\u2019s Views<\/strong>(<strong><em>Ditthujukamaya<\/em><\/strong>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This form of merit comes from developing a proper understanding of what is right and wrong, the difference between merit and demerit, as well as the subjects of wholesomeness and unwholesomeness, the paths of improvement and deterioration in life, and being able to distinguish between meaningful and meaningless actions that contribute to happiness and success. It also involves having a realistic outlook on the outcomes of our deeds, trusting in the effectiveness of doing good through both actions and words, ultimately resulting in personal happiness, prosperity, and contributing to a more harmonious and peaceful society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha stated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>\u201cWhatever sort of seed is sown,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>That is the sort of fruit one reaps:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>The doer of good reaps good;<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>The doer of evil reaps evil.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_4_Merit_and_Wholesomeness_Two_Consecutive_Steps_Leading_up_to_a_Greater_Height\"><\/span><strong>&nbsp;4. Merit and Wholesomeness: Two Consecutive Steps Leading up to a Greater Height.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In Buddhism, the concept of \u201cmerit\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/punna\"><em>Punya<\/em><\/a>) is considered a part of overall \u201cwholesomeness\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buddhivihara.org\/kusala-and-akusala-as-criteria-of-buddhist-ethics\/\"><em>Kusala<\/em><\/a>).&nbsp;<em>Kusala is divided<\/em>&nbsp;into two parts: mundane wholesomeness (<em>punya<\/em>) and transcendent wholesomeness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Engaging in the ten grounds of merit-making contributes to accumulation of merit and the development of wholesome qualities in an individual\u2019s character, leading to positive consequences in both the present life and future existences and fostering spiritual progress.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=L%2b6zynyE&amp;id=2404E23BF597CA0F756437D37C5DD8674ACE2874&amp;thid=OIP.L-6zynyEqG1HN0UojJKUQQHaD_&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.shambhala.com%2fwp%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2017%2f07%2ffirst-sermon.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.2feeb3ca7c84a86d473745288c929441%3frik%3ddCjOSmfYXXzTNw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&amp;exph=486&amp;expw=900&amp;q=picture+of+the+Buddha+preaching&amp;simid=608043833618429125&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=5B4A63A13BD308AE32B888DBAAE8CA65&amp;selectedIndex=72&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-3.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-3-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-3-150x81.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-3-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=L%2b6zynyE&amp;id=2404E23BF597CA0F756437D37C5DD8674ACE2874&amp;thid=OIP.L-6zynyEqG1HN0UojJKUQQHaD_&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.shambhala.com%2fwp%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2017%2f07%2ffirst-sermon.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.2feeb3ca7c84a86d473745288c929441%3frik%3ddCjOSmfYXXzTNw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&amp;exph=486&amp;expw=900&amp;q=picture+of+the+Buddha+preaching&amp;simid=608043833618429125&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=5B4A63A13BD308AE32B888DBAAE8CA65&amp;selectedIndex=72&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\">Bas-relief depicting the Buddha delivering his first sermon at<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=L%2b6zynyE&amp;id=2404E23BF597CA0F756437D37C5DD8674ACE2874&amp;thid=OIP.L-6zynyEqG1HN0UojJKUQQHaD_&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.shambhala.com%2fwp%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2017%2f07%2ffirst-sermon.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.2feeb3ca7c84a86d473745288c929441%3frik%3ddCjOSmfYXXzTNw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&amp;exph=486&amp;expw=900&amp;q=picture+of+the+Buddha+preaching&amp;simid=608043833618429125&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=5B4A63A13BD308AE32B888DBAAE8CA65&amp;selectedIndex=72&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\">the ancient city of Varanasi (modern-day Sarnath) in Uttar Pradesh, India<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_5_Understanding_the_Distinctive_Relationship_Between_Merit_Demerit_Wholesomeness_and_Unwholesomeness\"><\/span><strong>&nbsp;5. Understanding the Distinctive Relationship Between Merit, Demerit, Wholesomeness and Unwholesomeness<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to understand the meanings of these four related words, as it will help the reader to grasp their significance and intentions more effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among these four terms, \u2018<strong><em>Punya\u2019 or \u2018<\/em><\/strong>Punna\u2019 and \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/papa\"><strong><em>Papa<\/em><\/strong><\/a><em>\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;were commonly used before the Buddha\u2019s time. In the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rigveda\"><em>Rigveda<\/em><\/a><em>,<\/em>&nbsp;composed between circa 1500 and 1000 BCE, the term \u2018<em>Punya\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;meant \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018auspicious\u2019 or \u2018happy\u2019&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punya_(Hinduism)\">here<\/a>. However, the term \u2018<em>Papa\u2019&nbsp;<\/em>was coined later to refer to bad deeds, sin, various kinds of actions or behaviors considered morally wrong, or even one who is a sinner acts&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/definition\/papa\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha used these terms but redefined them to correspond with Buddhist principles (<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Buddhadhamma.pdf\">refer to Buddhadhamma, page 418<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of merit has already been elucidated in section No. 2, \u2018Understanding Merit in Buddhism.\u2019 Furthermore, the term \u2018<em>Punya\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;encompasses four distinct meanings: factors for purifying the underlying disposition of mind, factors leading to the fruition of a meritorious state of existence, factors leading to holiness, and factors bringing one\u2019s wishes to fulfillment (<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Buddhadhamma.pdf\">Buddhadhamma, page 412)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The term demerit (<em>Papa<\/em>) is just the opposite of merit.&nbsp;<em>Papa<\/em>&nbsp;means factors leading to the round of suffering, or factors leading to a bad destination.&nbsp;<em>Papa<\/em>&nbsp;or sin also refers to evil, bad things, undesirable things, and things that are not pleasing to the wise. The motivation, cause, or root of&nbsp;<em>Papa<\/em>&nbsp;comes from what is collectively called&nbsp;<em>kilesa<\/em>&nbsp;(such as greed, anger, and delusion) that exist in the minds of all ordinary people. These defilements constantly control the mind to think and express various behaviors that lead to evil and cause the mind to degenerate, both consciously and unconsciously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The term \u201cwholesomeness\u201d comes from the Pali word \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buddhivihara.org\/kusala-and-akusala-as-criteria-of-buddhist-ethics\/\"><em>Kusala<\/em><\/a><em><u>,\u2019<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;which translates to \u2018skillful,\u2019 \u2018proficient,\u2019 \u2018dexterous,\u2019 or \u2018virtuous\u2019 in English. Essentially, it refers to knowledge that reduces wrongdoing and reflects wisdom. Wholesomeness promotes well-being, is harmless, blameless, beneficial, and leads to happiness. It also denotes a state of mental health marked by a mind free from illness or afflictions. Developing wholesomeness strengthens the mind, allowing it to experience happiness, peace, and liberation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The term unwholesomeness is the translation of the Pali word \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buddhivihara.org\/kusala-and-akusala-as-criteria-of-buddhist-ethics\/\"><em>Akusala<\/em><\/a><em><u>,\u2019<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;which can be interpreted as opposite to those definitions of&nbsp;<em>Kusala<\/em>&nbsp;above. The term refers to \u2018an unsound state of mind, to a lack of mental health. It is just the opposite to those definitions of&nbsp;<em>kusala&nbsp;<\/em>above.&nbsp;<em>Akusala<\/em>&nbsp;weakens and impairs the mind.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Grasping the meanings of these four connected words is crucial for both ethical conduct and personal growth. Understanding their significance and intentions empowers the reader to participate in merit-making and wholesome actions, while avoiding demerit and unwholesome deeds, leading to positive outcomes for yourself and society, as the Buddha stated, \u201c<em>Neither good nor bad deeds are performed in vain\u201d and \u201cAll accumulated deeds, both good and bad, bear fruit. Actions marked as kamma, even trifling ones, are not void of result.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember, this framework serves as a guide, not a judgment, on your spiritual journey. To further clarify, a table below succinctly categorizes these concepts as bodily, verbal, and mental actions, distinguishing between wholesome and unwholesome acts for your improved understanding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong><span >Wholesomeness<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span >Unwholesomeness<\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >Ten Bases of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merit_(Buddhism)\">Merit-Making<\/a><\/span>\n<p><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merit_(Buddhism)\"> (Punna or Punya)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td><span >Ten <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\">Wholesome Course of Action<\/a><\/span>\n<p><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\"> (Kusala<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\">Kamma)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td><span >Ten <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\">Unwholesome Course of Action<\/a><\/span>\n<p><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\"> (<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\"><em>Akusala Kamma<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/essay\/philosophy-of-language-in-the-five-nikayas\/d\/doc1148341.html\">)<\/a> or <em>Papa<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>&nbsp;\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >1. Merit acquired by giving<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >1. To avoid the destruction of life, and be anxious for the welfare of all lives<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >1. Destruction of life&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >2. Merit achieved by sharing or giving out merit<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >2.To avoid stealing, not violating the right to private property of others<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >2. Stealing<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >3. Merit done through rejoicing in others\u2019 merit<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >3.To avoid sexual misconduct, not transgressing sex morals<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >3. Sexual misconduct<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >4. Merit acquired by observing the precepts or moral behavior<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >4. To avoid lying, not knowingly speaking a lie for the sake of any advantage<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >4. False speech<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >5. Merit achieved by humility or reverence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >5. To avoid malicious speech, unite the discordant, encourage the unity, and utter speech that makes for harmony<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >5. Malicious speech<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >6. Merit done through rendering services<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >6. To avoid harsh language; but speak gentle, loving, courteous, dear and agreeable words<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >6. Harsh speech<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >7. Merit acquired by mental development<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >7. To avoid frivolous talk; to speak at the right time, in accordance with facts, what is useful, moderate and full of sense<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >7.Chatter; frivolity; vain talk; gossip<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >8. Merit achieved by listening to the Doctrine or right teaching<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >8. To be without covetousness<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >8. Covetousness; avarice<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >9. Merit done through teaching the Doctrine or showing truth<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >9. To be free from ill-will, thinking \u2018Oh, that these beings were free from hatred and ill-will, and would lead a happy life free from trouble.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><td>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span >9. Ill will<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >10. Merit obtained by straightening one\u2019s views or forming correct views<\/span><\/td><td><span >&nbsp;10. To possess right view such as that gifts, donations and offerings are not fruitless and that there are results of wholesome and unwholesome actions.<\/span><\/td><td><span >10. Wrong view<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=5mYdyGFh&amp;id=1D4151C6A09F9D84B88B42F4A791EA8717542F17&amp;thid=OIP.5mYdyGFhxPt4E-z1xLn_awHaHa&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Frealhappiness.org%2Fimages%2Fbhakti.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.e6661dc86161c4fb7813ecf5c4b9ff6b%3Frik%3DFy9UF4fqkaf0Qg%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0&amp;exph=500&amp;expw=500&amp;q=picture+of+a+young+novice+meditating+in+front+of+Buddha%27s+statue&amp;simid=608035630259336131&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=F3D2CE8F06B38CA9893E9A2EF24FE50D&amp;selectedindex=1&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;pivotparams=insightsToken%3Dccid_rxUfaPxk*cp_72390B3F371774B8A132E984AC208293*mid_B24EDA675075BF7995BFB5CC46657A7F2B8A2D1A*simid_608042673979096914*thid_OIP.rxUfaPxk!_1!_ooj9stW-UqwHaF2&amp;vt=0&amp;sim=11&amp;iss=VSI&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"646\" height=\"553\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-e1709002137103.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-e1709002137103.jpg 646w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-e1709002137103-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/12-e1709002137103-150x128.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=5mYdyGFh&amp;id=1D4151C6A09F9D84B88B42F4A791EA8717542F17&amp;thid=OIP.5mYdyGFhxPt4E-z1xLn_awHaHa&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Frealhappiness.org%2Fimages%2Fbhakti.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.e6661dc86161c4fb7813ecf5c4b9ff6b%3Frik%3DFy9UF4fqkaf0Qg%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0&amp;exph=500&amp;expw=500&amp;q=picture+of+a+young+novice+meditating+in+front+of+Buddha%27s+statue&amp;simid=608035630259336131&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=F3D2CE8F06B38CA9893E9A2EF24FE50D&amp;selectedindex=1&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;pivotparams=insightsToken%3Dccid_rxUfaPxk*cp_72390B3F371774B8A132E984AC208293*mid_B24EDA675075BF7995BFB5CC46657A7F2B8A2D1A*simid_608042673979096914*thid_OIP.rxUfaPxk!_1!_ooj9stW-UqwHaF2&amp;vt=0&amp;sim=11&amp;iss=VSI&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\">A young novice, clad in saffron robes, sits in serene meditation before a Buddha statue in Thailand<\/a>.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span>Understanding the concepts of \u2018merit,\u2019 \u2018demerit,\u2019 \u2018wholesome,\u2019 and \u2018unwholesome,\u2019 empowers us to make conscious choices towards engaging in virtuous actions while steering clear of harmful ones, as the Buddha stated, below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span >\u201c<em>Whatever action is performed is visible within oneself.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>&nbsp;\u201c\u2026deeds of bodily good conduct, verbal good conduct, and mental good conduct are to be done because in acting thus these blessings are to be expected: one does not blame oneself; the wise, having investigated, praise one; a good reputation circulated about one; one dies unconfused; and with the breaking of the body, after death, one is reborn in a good destination, in a heavenly world.\u201d <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>\u201c\u2026deeds of bodily misconduct, verbal misconduct, and mental misconduct are not to be done because in acting thus these dangers are to be expected: one blames oneself, the wise, having investigated, censure one; a bad report circulated about one; one dies confused; and with the braking up of the body, after that, one is reborn in the plane of misery, in a bad destination, in the lower world, in hell.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u201cThe meritorious deeds one has done-that is one\u2019s friend in the future.\u201d <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (For a detailed exploration of this section, please refer to <a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Buddhadhamma.pdf\">Buddhadhamma, pp. 403-443<\/a>.)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_6_Benefits_of_Merit-Making_and_Their_Scientific_Evidences\"><\/span><strong><span >&nbsp;<\/span>6. Benefits of Merit-Making and Their Scientific Evidences<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Merit-making encompasses three essential practices: giving, precept observance, and mental development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before delving into the specific benefits, let\u2019s begin by introducing a verse from the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.themindingcentre.org\/dharmafarer\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/12\/22.17-Punnakiriyavatthu-S-a8.36-piya.pdf\">Punnakiriyavatthu Sutta (found on page 162<\/a>), where the Buddha expounds on merit-making and its benefits. The verse states:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span >\u201c\u2026<em>One should truly train in merit\u2014 <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>fruiting in lasting and foremost happiness,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>giving and calm [harmonious] conduct and <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>should cultivate a heart of loving-kindness. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>Having cultivated these states <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>Three, happiness arises, <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>into a happy trouble-free world, <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span ><em>the wise are reborn.<\/em>\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;The verse conveys the idea that individuals should concentrate on accumulating good deeds, resulting in lasting and ultimate happiness. This entails practicing generosity, upholding peaceful behavior, and nurturing a heart filled with kindness.&nbsp;<em>Through the cultivation of these three qualities<\/em>,&nbsp;<em><u>happiness arises<\/u>, and&nbsp;<u>the wise person is reborn into a joyful and trouble-free world<\/u>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the Pali canon outlines numerous benefits associated with merit-making through main acts of generosity, precept observance, and mental development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.1 Benefits of Generosity (Dana):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The e-book&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bps.lk\/olib\/wh\/wh367_Bodhi_Dana--The-Practice-of-Giving.pdf\">\u2018D\u0100NA The Practice of Giving<\/a>\u2018 succinctly captures and condenses these advantages. According to the A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya (AN 7:54), generosity bestows several worldly advantages. A generous person, as opposed to a miser,&nbsp;<em><u>gains the<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;<em>sympathy of others, builds a positive reputation, attends gatherings with confidence and dignity, and is reborn into a state of happiness after death<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The M\u0101gha Sutta (Sn 506) emphasizes that hate diminishes when one is established in generosity.&nbsp;<em><u>Being generous earns the love of others, and many people are drawn to associate with such an individual<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;(AN 5:34). Additionally,&nbsp;<em><u>giving fosters the cementing of friendships<\/u><\/em>&nbsp;(Sn 187).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another sutta (AN 5:35) further highlights that&nbsp;<em><u>a generous person becomes popular, attracts people of noble character, and experiences the satisfaction of fulfilling the duties of a layperson<\/u><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contemporary research on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/arp\/38\/3\/article-p316_4.xml\">Buddhist Generosity: Its Conceptual Model and Empirical Tests<\/a>&nbsp;has also&nbsp;discovered a connection between generosity and optimism, hope, and altruism. It also showed that being generous helps explain why kindness towards others leads to&nbsp;happiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.2 Benefits of Precept Observance (Sila):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha provided extensive teachings on the profound importance of moral conduct, emphasizing its relevance for both monastic practitioners and lay followers. For instance, in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/tipitaka\/dn\/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html\">Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/tipitaka\/dn\/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html\">(No. 24<\/a>), the Buddha addressed to lay devotees in Pataligama who adhere to the Five Precepts (<em>pa\u00f1ca-sila<\/em>), elucidating the positive outcomes of leading a virtuous life. He enumerated these blessings as follows:&nbsp;<em><u>increased wealth through diligence, a favorable reputation, confident deportment in all social circles, a peaceful death, and rebirth in a happy heavenly state after passing away<\/u><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Five Precepts comprise two components: the prohibitive aspect, known as the \u2018precepts,\u2019 and the complementary aspect that should be cultivated simultaneously, termed \u2018virtue,\u2019 which are related to modern day\u2019s human rights as depicted in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_precepts\"><strong>Principles<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;table, below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><span ><strong>Precept<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td><span ><strong>Accompanying virtues <\/strong><\/span><\/td><td><span ><strong>Related to human rights <\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >1. Abstention from killing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sentient_being_(Buddhism)\">living beings<\/a><\/span><\/td><td><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maitr%C4%AB\">Kindness<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81\">compassion<\/a><\/span><\/td><td><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_life\">Right to life<\/a><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >2. Abstention from theft<\/span><\/td><td><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dana_(Buddhism)\">Generosity<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nekkhamma\">renunciation<\/a><\/span><\/td><td><span >Right of property<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >3. Abstention from sexual misconduct<\/span><\/td><td><span >Contentment and respect for faithfulness<\/span><\/td><td><span >Right to fidelity in marriage<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >4. Abstention from speaking lies (falsehood)<\/span><\/td><td><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacca#Truth_as_an_ethical_practice\">Being honest<\/a>&nbsp;and dependable<\/span><\/td><td><span >Right of human dignity<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span >5. Abstention from intoxication<\/span><\/td><td><span ><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindfulness_(Buddhism)\">Mindfulness<\/a>&nbsp;and responsibility<\/span><\/td><td><span >Right of security and safety<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;When instructing fully-ordained monks or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhikkhu\"><em>bhikkhu<\/em><\/a>&nbsp; and nuns or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhikkhun%C4%AB\"><em>bhikkhuni<\/em><\/a>\u201d, the Buddha delved into various aspects of moral conduct. For instance, in a conversation with his private secretary,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C4%80nanda\"><em>Ananda bhikkhu<\/em><\/a>, the Buddha outlined&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/ptf\/dhamma\/sila\/index.html\">the rewards of virtue<\/a>&nbsp;for monks and nuns:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Guilt-Free Existence:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>[Ananda:] \u201cWhat, Revered One, are the rewards and blessings of leading a good and moral life?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>[The Buddha:] \u201cBeing free from guilt or regret, Ananda\u201d \u2014 denoting a sense of peace knowing one has not wronged anyone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Joyful Feelings:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd what comes from being free from guilt or regret?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cFeelings of joy, Ananda\u201d \u2014 suggesting a clear conscience brings lightness and happiness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Excitement and Intensity:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd what follows joy?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cA sense of excitement, Ananda\u201d \u2014 implying joy deepens into intense, almost ecstatic feelings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Calm and Inner Peace:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd after excitement?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cA state of calm and peace, Ananda\u201d \u2014 indicating that intense joy settles into profound inner peace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contentment and Lasting Happiness:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd following tranquility?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cInner contentment and happiness, Ananda\u201d \u2014 revealing that peace becomes a lasting, unshakeable state of well-being.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deep Focus and Concentration:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd from happiness?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cDeep focus and concentration, Ananda\u201d \u2014 highlighting that a calm mind can focus deeply and effortlessly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Insight and Understanding:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd what arises from concentration?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cInsight and understanding about reality\u201d \u2014 clarifying that one sees things without distortions or biases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Turning Away from Attachments:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd what follows this insight and understanding?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cA turning away from worldly attachments and a sense of detachment, Ananda\u201d \u2014 signifying that understanding reality allows letting go of clinging and craving, releasing oneself from suffering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Liberation and Ultimate Fulfillment:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cAnd what comes from turning away and detachment?\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cUnderstanding and knowledge leading to liberation, Ananda\u201d \u2014 concluding that practicing virtue leads to freedom from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, reaching a state of ultimate peace and fulfillment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In essence, the practice of virtue is likened to ascending a mountain, with each step bringing one closer to a breathtaking view of reality and ultimately leading to the summit of liberation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=glzDugNM&amp;id=FC1BE816DC0A0CD1ED1B5170E40EF2F932A762C8&amp;thid=OIP.glzDugNMOuSZa1Lm-lZ3OAHaFj&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.haikudeck.com%2Fmg%2F3mwOVzbaE8_1401971080203.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.825cc3ba034c3ae4996b52e6fa567738%3Frik%3DyGKnMvnyDuRwUQ%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0&amp;exph=768&amp;expw=1024&amp;q=Best+Mountain+Climbing&amp;simid=608008138164295450&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=ED4291A1120614562417C84F3D17D911&amp;selectedindex=14&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;vt=0&amp;pivotparams=insightsToken%3Dccid_E57KcSR8*cp_3CE2B37256EB6CC84B7CE4D569AA607C*mid_787D7F96C04AE6DAEE8AFEDA4466D762962DA1D7*simid_608054270409057077*thid_OIP.E57KcSR8zkIY1jTrsv9ktAHaFL&amp;sim=11&amp;iss=VSI&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526545\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-4.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-4-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-4-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-4-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=glzDugNM&amp;id=FC1BE816DC0A0CD1ED1B5170E40EF2F932A762C8&amp;thid=OIP.glzDugNMOuSZa1Lm-lZ3OAHaFj&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimg.haikudeck.com%2Fmg%2F3mwOVzbaE8_1401971080203.jpg&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.825cc3ba034c3ae4996b52e6fa567738%3Frik%3DyGKnMvnyDuRwUQ%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0&amp;exph=768&amp;expw=1024&amp;q=Best+Mountain+Climbing&amp;simid=608008138164295450&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=ED4291A1120614562417C84F3D17D911&amp;selectedindex=14&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;vt=0&amp;pivotparams=insightsToken%3Dccid_E57KcSR8*cp_3CE2B37256EB6CC84B7CE4D569AA607C*mid_787D7F96C04AE6DAEE8AFEDA4466D762962DA1D7*simid_608054270409057077*thid_OIP.E57KcSR8zkIY1jTrsv9ktAHaFL&amp;sim=11&amp;iss=VSI&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\">Three men ascending a mountain<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Empirical Studies on the Benefits of the Five Precepts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Stress Reduction and Depression Buffering<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The study titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0277351\">Moderating role of observing the five precepts of Buddhism on neuroticism, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms<\/a>\u201d discovered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>that observing the Five Precepts was linked to&nbsp;lower levels of neuroticism, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bridge to Happiness:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In the study titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233567632_Observance_of_the_Buddhist_Five_Precepts_Subjective_Wealth_and_Happiness_among_Buddhists_in_Bangkok_Thailand\">Observance of the Buddhist Five Precepts, Subjective Wealth, and Happiness among Buddhists in Bangkok, Thailand<\/a>,\u201d it is affirmed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>that living a fulfilling life, where you feel you have what you need mentally and emotionally, helps connect following the Five Precepts with&nbsp;feeling happy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3 Benefits of Mental Development (Bhavana): From Ultimate Spiritual Liberation to Inhale Serenity, to Exhale Stress in the Present<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mental development or cultivation, better known as \u2018Buddhist meditation\u2019 opens a doorway to profound mental, emotional, and spiritual benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Buddha has enumerated&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wisdomlib.org\/buddhism\/book\/vipassana-meditation\/d\/doc1343.html\">seven benefits of Mindfulness Meditation<\/a>&nbsp;in<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.buddhanet.net\/pdf_file\/mahasati.pdf\">Mahasatipatthana Sutta p. 7<\/a>, which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Purification from all kinds of defilements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overcoming sorrow and worry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overcoming lamentation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cessation of all kinds of physical suffering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cessation of all kinds of mental suffering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attainment of enlightenment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attainment of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/buddhistuniversity.net\/courses\/nibbana\"><em>nibbana<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;(ultimate liberation).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Drawing upon the Pali canon and commentaries, Thai Buddhist scholar monk P. A. Payutto meticulously outlines the overarching&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Buddhadhamma.pdf\">objectives and benefits of meditation or concentration in his book \u201cBuddhadhamma, the Laws of Nature and Their Benefits to Life\u201d (pp. 1779-1783)<\/a>. Broadly categorized, the benefits can be understood across four levels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.1 Spiritual Liberation<\/strong>: The ultimate goal is the freedom from all suffering and mental impurity, culminating in the \u2018knowledge and vision of things as they really are, leading to true knowledge and liberation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.2 Psychic Development<\/strong>: A secondary goal involves the cultivation of exceptional psychic abilities, including the \u2018divine ear,\u2019 clairvoyance, telepathy, and recollection of past lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.3 Mental Health and Personality<\/strong>: The third goal encompasses robust mental health and a healthy personality characterized by inner strength, decisiveness, vigor, resilience, tranquility, cool-headedness, joy, loving-kindness, compassion, and wise discernment.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=U0IZJPB0&amp;id=8333918C672A12650147333EF9A41E0A0FC1CA41&amp;thid=OIP.U0IZJPB0KgcZluszu1TK_gHaES&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fi1.wp.com%2fwww.driversalert.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fRoad-Rage.jpg%3fresize%3d743%252C431%26ssl%3d1&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.53421924f0742a071996eb33bb54cafe%3frik%3dQcrBDwoepPk%252bMw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0%26sres%3d1%26sresct%3d1%26srh%3d754%26srw%3d1300&amp;exph=431&amp;expw=743&amp;q=picture+of+road+rage&amp;simid=608005166004722885&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=A417E1B7623AE64DBEABE1E11A209716&amp;selectedIndex=20&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-1.jpg 743w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/8-1-300x174.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=U0IZJPB0&amp;id=8333918C672A12650147333EF9A41E0A0FC1CA41&amp;thid=OIP.U0IZJPB0KgcZluszu1TK_gHaES&amp;mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fi1.wp.com%2fwww.driversalert.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fRoad-Rage.jpg%3fresize%3d743%252C431%26ssl%3d1&amp;cdnurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid%2fR.53421924f0742a071996eb33bb54cafe%3frik%3dQcrBDwoepPk%252bMw%26pid%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0%26sres%3d1%26sresct%3d1%26srh%3d754%26srw%3d1300&amp;exph=431&amp;expw=743&amp;q=picture+of+road+rage&amp;simid=608005166004722885&amp;FORM=IRPRST&amp;ck=A417E1B7623AE64DBEABE1E11A209716&amp;selectedIndex=20&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0\">Meditation brings about calmness, which is an antidote to road rage<\/a>.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;In essence, the practice of Buddhist meditation not only contributes to stress reduction but also paves the way for profound mental and spiritual well-being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meditation\u2019s Impact on Mental Health: Scientific Evidences<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The assertion that meditation significantly influences mental health is not merely hype, it is supported by scientific evidence. There have been many studies, such as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/balanced\/201907\/meditation-and-mental-health\">Meditation and Mental Health<\/a>\u201c, that firmly establishes the scientific backing for the claimed benefits. The American Psychological Association (APA) affirms these findings in their article on \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/mindfulness\">Mindfulness<\/a>,\u201d underscoring the advantages, even in sports. Psychology Today provides additional support with \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/feeling-it\/201409\/18-science-backed-reasons-try-loving-kindness-meditation\">18 Science-Backed Reasons to Try Loving-Kindness Meditation<\/a>.\u201d The Harvard Health Blog emphasizes that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-201401086967\">mindfulness meditation holds the potential to ease anxiety and mental stress<\/a>. And scientific scrutiny extends to its effect on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3887545\/\">creative thinking<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.4 Everyday Life Benefits: A Holistic Approach<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the realm of everyday life, meditation reveals a spectrum of advantages, falling into three key sub-groups:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.4.1 Physical and Mental Well-being:<\/strong>&nbsp;Meditation contributes to bodily and mental relaxation, inner peace, happiness, stress reduction, and the alleviation of depression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The American Psychological Association (APA) reinforces this in their article on \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/mindfulness\/meditation\">Mindfulness Meditation: A Research-Proven Way to Reduce Stress<\/a>,\u201d affirming that mindfulness meditation positively impacts both mental and physical health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.4.2 Enhanced Capabilities:<\/strong>&nbsp;Meditation enhances a person\u2019s abilities in work, study, and various activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Harvard Business Review explores \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2015\/12\/how-meditation-benefits-ceos\">How Meditation Benefits CEOs<\/a>,\u201d highlighting mindfulness as a tool for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2012\/10\/mindfulness-helps-you-become-a\">becoming a better leader<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other researches delve into when mindfulness is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2022\/12\/research-when-mindfulness-does-and-doesnt-help-at-work\">effective at work<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sps.columbia.edu\/news\/how-meditation-can-help-you-focus\">enhances focus and attention<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.3.4.3 Health Promotion:<\/strong>&nbsp;Meditation contributes to physical health and aids in the healing of illnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientific research attests to these benefits, as evidenced in sources such as positivepsychology.com\u2019s article on the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/positivepsychology.com\/benefits-of-meditation\/\">20+ Health Benefits of Meditation<\/a>\u201d and UC Berkeley Greater Good Science Center\u2019s exploration of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/greatergood.berkeley.edu\/topic\/mindfulness\">Meditation Enhances Self-Awareness and Emotional Regulation<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.4 How to Meditate, and How Often and How Long to Meditate Per Session<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many ways to meditate, but two of the most popular are&nbsp;<strong>Anapanasati<\/strong>&nbsp;(mindfulness of breathing) and&nbsp;<strong>Brahmavihara<\/strong>&nbsp;(loving-kindness meditation). In this article, I will briefly discuss these two methods. Those who are interested can read more about meditation and its benefits, both according to the teachings of the Buddha and according to scientific research, in my other articles in Spiritual values &amp; Meditation, such as my latest article,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/the-secrets-to-a-successful-2024\/\">A Buddhist Guide to New Year: The Secrets to a Successful 2024<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peaceful.com\/5-reasons-to-try-group-meditation\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-5.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-5-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-5-150x106.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-5-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/peaceful.com\/5-reasons-to-try-group-meditation\/\">Group Meditation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.4.1 How to Meditate Anapanasati and&nbsp; Brahmavihara<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anapanasati is a simple yet powerful meditation technique that involves focusing on the breath. As you breathe in, you mentally say \u201c<strong>Bud<\/strong>\u201d or \u201c<strong>one<\/strong>\u201d and as you breathe out, you mentally say \u201c<strong>Dho<\/strong>\u201d Or \u201c<strong>one<\/strong>\u201d again. You can do this silently or aloud, whichever you prefer. The goal is to simply observe the breath without trying to control it. If your mind wanders, gently bring it back to the breath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brahmavihara is a meditation technique that involves cultivating four positive qualities: loving-kindness (<strong>metta<\/strong>), compassion (<strong>karuna<\/strong>), joy (<strong>mudita<\/strong>), and equanimity (<strong>upekkha<\/strong>). You can practice this meditation by silently repeating phrases such as \u201cMay I be happy\u201d or \u201cMay all beings be happy.\u201d The goal is to develop a sense of love and compassion for yourself, others, and all living beings.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In daily life, the practice of loving-kindness meditation involves generating thoughts of loving-kindness when encountering other human or living beings, such as \u2018May you be happy, healthy, prosperous, and successful.\u2019 I personally find this practice fulfilling and uplifting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>For concise details on how to meditate, please see my article on&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/meditation-in-thailand\/\"><em>Meditation in Thailand<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>6.4.2 How&nbsp;Often and How Long to Meditate Per Session<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ideally, meditation should be practiced&nbsp;daily,&nbsp;regularly and at the same time, like advice given by Buddhist monk Henepola Gunaratana on meditation in everyday life, pp. 165-177&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mindfulness-in-plain-english-bhante-gunaratana\/page\/176\/mode\/2up\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The duration, however, varies, depending on the levels and purposes of practice. For example, as suggested in the \u201c16 Health Benefits of Daily Meditation According to Science\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/positivepsychology.com\/benefits-of-meditation\/\">here<\/a>, in each session, it may be 2-5 minutes for a beginner, 4-15 minutes for an intermediate, and 20-30 minutes for a proficient meditator. CNN on the science behind meditation suggests at least 10 minutes a session&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z4a_hbW_LjQ&amp;t=9s\">here<\/a>. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A beginner may, therefore, start with a 2-minute session, then, as the mind gets used to the practice, he or she could increase the time span by a minute or two each session, aiming for a final 30-minute session daily \u2013 for psychological and biological health as shown in ABC\u2019s science of meditation&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BI5JNDs-Azk&amp;t=68s\">here<\/a>. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Examples_of_Merit-Making_in_the_Thai_Way_of_Life\"><\/span>7. <strong>Examples of Merit-Making in the Thai Way of Life<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout history,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dhammathai.org\/practice\/practice2.php\">Thai Buddhists have embraced the tradition of making merit<\/a>&nbsp;(in Thai), categorizing their practices into three distinct dimensions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>7.1 Daily Merit-Making:<\/strong>&nbsp;This involves offering alms to monks and novices during their morning food collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>7.2 Occasional Merit-Making:<\/strong>&nbsp;Observing precepts and meditation, and offerings on Buddhist holy days like&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/vesak-day-a-day-to-commemorate-the-buddha\/\">Visakha Puja<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/asalha-puja-day-dhamma-day\/\">Asalha Puja<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/buddhism_meditatio\/%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%a2-the-genius-of-the-buddha-seen-from-magha-puja\/\">Magha Puja<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buddhistpedia.org\/buddhist-lent-day-2\/\">Buddhist Lent Commencement Day<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.learnreligions.com\/vassa-450114\">Buddhist Rains Retreat Closing Day<\/a>, as well as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/culture_heritage\/kathina-annual-buddhist-robe-presentation\/\">offering Kathina robes to monks<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>7.3 Merit-Making on Special Occasions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>7.3.1 Auspicious Occasions:<\/strong>&nbsp;Celebratory events such as births, weddings, graduations, and moving into a new house. Merit-making during these occasions involves giving alms to monks or donating to temples, seeking blessings for health, happiness, and prosperity.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=ubrwgP2k&amp;id=E949E81F29D411167F9F3F2AA694723ABD1C185F&amp;thid=OIP.ubrwgP2kqibLSbZrjki5vAHaE8&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.thaiza.com%2F108%2F108_202007081033561..jpg&amp;exph=400&amp;expw=600&amp;q=%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b9%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%b3%e0%b8%9a%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%8d%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a5%e0%b8%b5%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%9e%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b0&amp;simid=608011037274745301&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=1A6D2D01AEBBEE66092B3DD12D43DD46&amp;selectedindex=13&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;vt=0&amp;sim=11&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.b9baf080fda4aa26cb49b66b8e48b9bc%3Frik%3DXxgcvTpylKYqPw%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/10-2-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/images\/search?view=detailV2&amp;ccid=ubrwgP2k&amp;id=E949E81F29D411167F9F3F2AA694723ABD1C185F&amp;thid=OIP.ubrwgP2kqibLSbZrjki5vAHaE8&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.thaiza.com%2F108%2F108_202007081033561..jpg&amp;exph=400&amp;expw=600&amp;q=%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b9%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%97%e0%b8%b3%e0%b8%9a%e0%b8%b8%e0%b8%8d%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%a5%e0%b8%b5%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%9e%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b0&amp;simid=608011037274745301&amp;form=IRPRST&amp;ck=1A6D2D01AEBBEE66092B3DD12D43DD46&amp;selectedindex=13&amp;itb=0&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;ajaxserp=0&amp;vt=0&amp;sim=11&amp;cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth.bing.com%2Fth%2Fid%2FR.b9baf080fda4aa26cb49b66b8e48b9bc%3Frik%3DXxgcvTpylKYqPw%26pid%3DImgRaw%26r%3D0\">Thai Buddhists offering a meal to monks as part of a New Year celebration at their home<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<span >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/span><strong>7.3.2 Inauspicious Occasions:<\/strong>&nbsp;In response to unfavorable events like illness or death. Making merit through almsgiving or temple donations to pray for recovery or aid the deceased\u2019s journey towards a positive rebirth. Specific instances include the 7th, 50th, and 100th days after death, along with the day of the funeral or cremation.<br><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-526558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-6.png 768w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-6-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-6-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-6-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mourners gathered at a Buddhist funeral, performed by monks reciting verses from the Abhidhamma Sutta (photo by the author).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Cultivating_Your_Future_with_Merit-Making\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion: Cultivating Your Future with Merit-Making<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Merit-making isn\u2019t just about accumulating points; it\u2019s a seed we sow for a brighter future. By practicing generosity, compassion, and ethical conduct, we nourish inner qualities like kindness, peace, and wisdom. This not only benefits our own well-being but also contributes to a more harmonious and compassionate society. As the Buddha said, \u201c<em>The doer of good reaps good; the doer of evil reaps evil<\/em>.\u201d When we plant seeds of good deeds, we cultivate fertile ground for a future filled with happiness, peace, and liberation from suffering, not just for ourselves but for others as well. Remember, \u201c<em>the meritorious deeds one has done \u2013 that is one\u2019s friend in the future<\/em>.\u201d Let this reminder inspire us to embark on our own journey of merit-making and witness the positive transformation it brings to our lives and the world around us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>May the wisdom gleaned from these teachings guide us all towards a life of profound merit and fulfillment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aknin, L. B., Hamlin, J. K., &amp; Dunn, E. W. (2012). Giving leads to happiness in young children. American Psychology Association. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2012-17354-001\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2012-17354-001<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bergland, Christopher. (2022). Buddhist Precepts Reduce Stress and Buffer Depression: Study. Psychology Today. 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Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3887545\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3887545\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, Emma. Harvard Business Review. (2015). How Meditation Benefits CEOs. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/hbr.org\/2015\/12\/how-meditation-benefits-ceos\">https:\/\/hbr.org\/2015\/12\/how-meditation-benefits-ceos<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Columbia School of Professional Studies. (2021). How Meditation Can Help You Focus. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sps.columbia.edu\/news\/how-meditation-can-help-you-focus\">https:\/\/sps.columbia.edu\/news\/how-meditation-can-help-you-focus<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gunaratana, Bhante. Archive.org. (1991). Mindfulness In Plain English. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mindfulness-in-plain-english-bhante-gunaratana\/page\/176\/mode\/2up\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/mindfulness-in-plain-english-bhante-gunaratana\/page\/176\/mode\/2up<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dhammathai.org. \u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e30\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 Thai Dhamma, \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e27\u0e14\u0e1a\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35 (translated into) Categories of Merit-Making Activities. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dhammathai.org\/practice\/practice2.php\">http:\/\/www.dhammathai.org\/practice\/practice2.php<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sawanond, Dr. Nonglukshana. (2021). \u0e1a\u0e38\u0e0d\u0e01\u0e34\u0e23\u0e34\u0e22\u0e32\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e16\u0e38\u0e18\u0e23\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e48\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e49\u0e19\u0e17\u0e38\u0e01\u0e02\u0e4c (translated into) The Path to Liberation Through Meritorious Deeds. \u0e14\u0e23. \u0e19\u0e07\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e4c \u0e2a\u0e30\u0e27\u0e32\u0e19\u0e19\u0e17\u0e4c \u0e1e\u0e34\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e4c\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 3. \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2564<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"239\" height=\"291\" src=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/\u0e1c\u0e2d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-518370\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span ><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span ><strong>Author: Paitoon Songkaeo, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >Transitioning from a Buddhist monk to a diplomat, Paitoon Songkaeo is the Administrative Director of the Thailand Foundation. With a background of 16 years as a Buddhist monk, he later joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and retired as the Consul-General of Kota Baru in Malaysia in 2017. Additionally, he is a regular contributor to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/category\/spiritual-values-and-meditation\/\">Spiritual Values &amp; Meditation<\/a>&nbsp;section.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span >Uploaded on February 28, 2024<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Merit-making, or meritorious deeds, constitutes a fundamental concept in Buddhism, encompassing various activities such as generosity, precept observance, and mental development. It transcends mere material gain, focusing instead on the cultivation of inner qualities. When undertaken with a pure and sincere heart, meritorious deeds not only benefit others but also contribute to our [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":518531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[143,194,22,29,74],"tags":[278],"class_list":["post-518550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-articles-spiritual-values","category-culture-and-heritage","category-spiritual-values-and-meditation","category-traditions","tag-articles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Merit-Making in Buddhism: Its Benefits to Individuals and Society From Buddhist Beliefs to Scientific Evidences - Thailand Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/thailandfoundation.or.th\/th\/merit-making-in-buddhism-its-benefits-to-individuals-and-society-from-buddhist-beliefs-to-scientific-evidences-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"th_TH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Merit-Making in Buddhism: Its Benefits to Individuals and Society From Buddhist Beliefs to Scientific Evidences - Thailand Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. Introduction Merit-making, or meritorious deeds, constitutes a fundamental concept in Buddhism, encompassing various activities such as generosity, precept observance, and mental development. It transcends mere material gain, focusing instead on the cultivation of inner qualities. 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